METAPHYSICS is one of the principal works of Aristotle and the
first major work of the branch of philosophy with the same name.
The principal subject is "being qua being"， or being understood as
being. It examines what can be asserted about anything that exists
just because of its existence and not because of any special
qualities it has. Also covered are different kinds of causation，
form and matter， the existence of mathematical objects， and a
prime- mover God.
The Metaphysics is considered to be one of the greatest
philosophical works. Its influence on the Greeks， the Arabs， the
scholastic philosophers and even writers such as Dante， was
immense.
關於作者：
ARISTOLE， （384 BC-322 BC） was a Greek philosopher and
polymath， a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.
His writings cover many subjects， including physics， metaphysics，
poetry， theater， music， logic， rhetoric， linguistics， politics，
government， ethics， biology， and zoology.
Together with Plato and Socrates （Plato''s teacher）， Aristotle is
one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy.
Aristotle''s writings were the first to create a comprehensive
system of Western philosophy， encompassing morality and aesthetics，
logic and science， politics and metaphysics.
目錄：
BOOK I
BOOK II
BOOK III
BOOK IV
BOOK V
BOOK VI
BOOK VII
BOOK VIII
BOOK IX
BOOK X
BOOK XI
BOOK XII
BOOK XIII
BOOK XIV
內容試閱：
This implies that change was necessary; but he shows no cause
of the necessity. But yet so far at least he alone speaks
consistently; for he does not make some things perishable and
others imperishable， but makes all perishable except the elements.
The difficulty we are speaking of now is， why some things are
perishable and others are not， if they consist of the same
principles.
Let this suffice as proof of the fact that the principles cannot
be the same. But if there are different principles， one difficulty
is whether these also will be imperishable or perishable. For if
they are perishable， evidently these also must consist of certain
elements （for all things that perish， perish by being resolved into
the elements of which they consist）; so that it follows that prior
to the principles there are other prinaples.
But this is impossible， whether the process has a limit or
proceeds to infinity. Further， how will perishable things exist， if
their principles are to be annulled? But if the principles are
imperishable， why will things composed of some imperishable
principles be perishable， while those composed of the others are
imperishable? This is not probable， but is either impossible or
needs much proof. Further， no one has even tried to maintain
different principles; they maintain the same principles for all
things. But they swallow the difficulty we stated first as if they
took it to be something trifling.
（11） The inquiry that is both the hardest of all and the most
necessary for knowledge of the truth is whether being and rutty are
the substances of things， and whether each of them， without being
anything else， is being or unity respectively， or we must inquire
what being and unity are， with the implication that they have some
other underlying nature. For some people think they are of the
former， others think they are of the latter character. Plato and
the Pythagoreans thought being and unity were nothing else.
……
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